Text International Organisations

The process of globalisation evident in recent years has given rise to a renewed determination by governments to cooperate in order to en­sure their own economic and political stability. Governments work to­gether to strengthen international security and to perfect the existing economic, political and trading arrangements.

In part they do so through such policies as marketing assistance, financing and tax exemptions for exports.

In part they do so through support of international institutions like the United Nations Organisation ' and intergovernmental agencies re­lated to it — the International Monetary Fund (IM F)-, the World Bank', and the World Trade Organisation (WTO)⁴.

• The UN is an international organisation that encourages coun­ tries to work together in order to solve world problems. It officially came into existence on 24'" October, 1945.

• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was set up on 27'" De­ cember, 1945 to promote a stable international financial system. It sets rules for foreign exchange markets. It also serves as a lender to countries with temporary foreign payments problems.

• The World Bank (officially, the International Bank for Reconstruc­ tion and Development) is a means of channelling capital Irom de­ veloped countries to those that arc less developed. The World Bank makes loans at market interest rates for long-term development projects such as dams or road systems. It was set up in December 1945.

Notes on the Text

¹ The United Nations Organisation (UN) — Организация Объединенных Наций (ООН)

^г The International Monetary Fund (IMF) — Международный вапютный фонд (МВФ)

³ The World Bank — Международный банк реконструкции и развития

* The World Trade Organisation (WTO) — Всемирная торговая организация (ВТО)

Vocabulary List

set rules — устанавливать правила serve as a lender - выступать в качест­ве кредитора

channel capital — направлять средства at interest rates - по банковским став­кам

long-term development project — долго­срочный проект экономического развития

give rise to (smtb) — вызывать (дискус­сию и т.д.)

ensure v — обеспечивать, гарантиро­вать

international security - международная безопасность

existing arrangements — -id. существую­щий порядок

marketing n - маркетинг

tax exemptions - ншюговыс освобож­дения

Comprehension Questions

1. What has become evident in recent years?

2. What are governments determined to do?

3. What do they work together for?

4. What instruments help governments to ensure political and economic sta­ bility?

5. What was the IMF set up for?

6. What services does the World Bank provide?

Exercises

Ex. 26. Find in the text English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:

международная организация;

процесс глобализации;

вызывать;

решимость;

обеспечивать экономическую

и политическую стабильность;

• укреплять международную безопасность;

• существующий экономиче­ ский, политический и торго­ вый порядок;

• налоговые освобождения;

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Unit?

П. International Organisations

273

process n strengthen т exemption и developed adj

globalisation n existing adj promote v

determination n trading n financial adj

stability n marketing и lender n

• В

  relations

  obligations

  disputes

  principles

  problems

  action

  assistance

  peace and security

  World Trade Organisation

  поддержка международных ор­ ганизаций;

• ... был создан;

• устанавливать правила;

• выступать в качестве кредито­ ра;

Ex. 27. Give derivatives of:

• страны, имеющие временные трудности с осуществлением внешних платежей;

• предоставлять ссуды;

• по банковским ставкам;

• проект экономического раз­ вития.

Ex. 29. Match the infinitives in A witb the nouns in B.

A

to maintain to develop to fulfil to settle to give to take to set forth to solve

Ex. 30. Render the article.

Ex. 28. a) Read the text and translate it into Russian, b) Does the UN provide essential help in economic and social development? Does it stabilise international relations?

Purposes and Principles of the UN

The purposes of the United Nations, as set forth in the Charter, are:

• to maintain international peace and security;

• to develop friendly relation? among nations based on respect for the prin­ ciple of equal rights and self-determination of peoples;

• to cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural and hu­ manitarian problems.

The United Nations acts in accordance with the following principles:

• it is based on the sovereign equality of all its Members;

• all Members are to fulfil their Charter obligations;

• they are to settle their international disputes by peaceful means;

• they are to give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the Charter, and shall not assist States against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action.

Words and word combinations you may need

peaceful means - мирные средства preventive adj - предупредительный enforcement action — принудительные меры

set forth — излагать self-determination — самоопределение act in accordance with — действовать в

соответствии с чём-л. dispute л — спор

The WTO is the intergovernmental organisation overseeing the interna­tional trading system. Ц was established on 1 January 1995 as the successor lo the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The highest authority of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which is composed of representatives of all WTO members. Much of the day-to-day work of the WTO is conducted by the General Council, which is also composed of representatives of all WTO members. The essential functions of the WTO are to provide a forurn for mul­tilateral trade negotiations; to administer the trade dispute settlement proce­dures; to review national trade policies: and to cooperate with other interna­tional institutions, in particular the IM F and the World Bank in order to achieve greater coherence in global economic policy-making.

Members are bound to grant to each other's products treatment no less favourable than that accorded to the products of any third parties.

The Organisation considers that secure and predictable market access to encourage trade, investment and job creation may be determined by "bind­ing" tariffs or customs duties.

This process means that a tariff level for a particular product becomes a commitment by a member state and cannot be increased without compensa­tion negotiations with its main trading partners. The WTO is trying to create predictable trading conditions by demanding commitments from member coun­tries and greater transparency of domestic laws and national trade policies.

The WTO aims to promote open, fair and undistorted competition.

The WTO aims to encourage development and economic reform among the increasing number of developing countries and countries in transition par­ticipating in the international trading system. These countries, particularly, the least-developed states have been granted greater flexibility to implement certain WTO provisions.

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In addition the WTO operates a limited number of technical assistance programmes mostly relating to training and the provision of information tech­nology.

Finally, the WTO recognises the need to protect the environment and to promote sustainable development.

Таблицы и пояснения для повторения ранее изученного грамматического материала