8 Find in the text the words which describe or mean the following.

• a thorough enquiry into, esp. including a piece of writing on, a particular subject.

• a trial made in order to learn something or prove the truth of an idea.

• a job or profession for which one is trained and which one intends to follow for the whole of one’s life.

• help in bringing about.

9. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1. Scientific management was a natural outgrowth … .

2. Scientific management was a system … .

3. There were three of the most important American scientific managers … .

4. Taylor contributed to the field of scientific management by … .

5. Taylor's primary objective was … .

6. Taylor also published … .

7. By the time he died, Frederick Taylor was … .

8. During his long career Gilbreth made so many contributions to the field that today … .

8. Henry L. Gantt’s most significant contribution was … .

9. Henry L. Gantt was Frederick Taylor's … .

10. Answer the questions on the text.

1. How did scientific management appear?

2. Who were the most famous American scientific managers?

3. What was scientific management like by the middle of 19^th century?

4. What contribution did Frederick Taylor make to the scientific management movement?

4. What were the four basic principles of scientific management?

5. What contributions did Frank Gilbreth make to the scientific management movement?

6. Who was Henry L. Gantt? What was his main contribution to scientific management movement?

11. Agree or disagree to the following. Correct wrong statements.

1. Scientific management was a natural outgrowth of the Industrial Revolution.

2. The manager’s goal during the Industrial Revolution was specialization and the division of labour.

3. Efficient experts were the first managers who founded scientific management.

4. Frederick Taylor was called the “Father of Motion Study”.

5. Taylor set forth four basic principles of scientific management.

6. Gilbreth pioneered the use of computer for scientific management purposes.

7. Gilbreth developed a categorization of basic human motions which he called therblings.

8. H.L. Gantt was Gilbreth’s protégé.

9. Gantt’s contribution to scientific management was so-called Gantt’s chart.

12. Arrange the sentences according to the text.

1. Scientific management was a system attempting to develop ways of increasing productivity and to formulate methods of motivating workers.

2. The study of ways of increasing production by “efficient experts” became scientific management.

3. The result of these experiments were his books in which he set forth the four basic principles of scientific management.

4. Scientific management appeared as a natural outgrowth of the Industrial Revolution.

5. Managers were busy finding ways to increase production.

6. F.Taylor as one of the most important American scientific managers conducted time-and-motion study experiments.

7. Henry Gantt developed a chart which was of great help to improve workers’ efficiency.

8. Frank Gilbreth was known as the “Father of Motion Study”.

9. Having developed a categorization of basic hand motions he called them “therblings”.

10. He was the first to use movie camera for scientific purposes.