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2. Give Russian equivalents.

to make effective decisions; a set of activities; to use resources wisely and without unnecessary waste; to face a variety of challenging situations; shareholder pressure; unexpected disruptions; ongoing and long-term operations; usable data; in effective and efficient manner.

3. Give English equivalents.

с целью; основная цель менеджмента; с точки зрения; наилучшим и самым дешевым способом; рационально и эффективно; относительно низкие издержки; внушать доверие; среднестатистический президент компании; внутренняя конкуренция; усложнять задачу; производственные мощности.

4. Match the words which are close in their meaning.

1. effective

a. include

2. concise

b. complicated

3. complex

c. certainty

4. utilize

d. efficient

5. involve

e. brief

6. confidence

f. use

5. Match the words having the opposite meaning.

1. concise

a. separate

2. early

b. foreign

3. complex

c. redundant

4. combine

d. late

5. domestic

e. simple

6. Match the words to make a word combination.

1. systems

a. goal

2. financial

b. resources

3. ongoing

c. simple

4. effective

d. theory

5. organizational

e. operations

6. relatively

f. decisions

7. Insert prepositions where necessary.

Management is based … scientific theories and today we can say that it is a developing science.

But knowledge … theories and principles doesn't provide prac­tical results. It is necessary to know how to apply … this knowledge. Practical application … knowledge … the management area requires certain abilities or skills. Here is an example:

Depending … its size, an organization may employ a number of specialized managers who are responsible … particular areas of management. A very large organization may employ many man­agers, each being responsible for activities … one management area. … contrast, the owner of a sole proprietorship may be the only man­ager … the organization. He or she is responsible … all levels and areas of management.

What is important … an organization is not the number of man­agers it employs but the ability of these managers to achieve the organization's goals, and this ability requires a great skill.

Managers are concerned … the following main resources: material resources, human resources, financial resources, and information.

It is important to realize that these are only general categories of resources. … each category are hundreds or thousands of more specific resources, … which management must choose those that can best accomplish its goals. Managers must coordinate this complex group of specific resources to produce goods and services.

… other words, management is the process of coordinating the resources of an organization to achieve the primary organizational goals.

b) Answer the questions.

1. Why do you think we may say that management is a developing science?

2. What provides practical results in the sphere of management?

3. What does a number of managers in an organization depend on?

4. What resources are managers concerned with?

5. What definition of management is given in the text?