9. In the text find the words which describe or mean the following.

• to make an arrangement for doing or using smth, considered in advance.

• to put into working order, arrange in a system; make preparation for.

• to have authority over; to be in control of.

• to bring or put into proper relation.

• to have power or authority to direct; to regulate; to check, to verify.

10. Answer the questions on the text.

1. What were the results of early scientific management?

2. Who were the most famous scientists formulating theories of administration?

3. What are the basic functions of administration according to Fayol?

4. How many administrative principles did Fayol set forth?

5. What are the most important principles in your opinion?

11. Agree or disagree to the following. Correct wrong statements.

1. The primary concern of management is the long-term commitment of the staff.

2. Planning is the art of effective leadership.

3. Henry Fayol was an Englishman and he became the president of the organization at the age of 30.

4. There should be a clear-cut chain of command running from top of the organization to the bottom.

5. According to Fayol there are 5 basic functions: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling.

6. The more authority a person has the less responsible for assigned tasks he is.

7. Controlling is seeing that everything is done according to the adopted plan.

8. 14 administrative principles set forth by Fayol are flexible guidelines for managing people and work.

12. Arrange the sentences according to the text.

1. They are planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling.

2. Henry Fayol was one of those who formulated theories of administration setting five basic functions.

3. There are 14 more frequently used principles and among them are division of labour, discipline, the hierarchy and others.

4. New management problems appeared when output increased and operations grew.

5. They are used as flexible guidelines for managing people and work.

6. Besides he set forth a series of administrative principles.

13. Formulate the theme of each paragraph and make up a plan of the text.

14. Say what you have learnt about the representatives of administrative management and the Fayol’s achievements in this sphere.

1. Read and translate the text “Human Behavior”. Text d. Human Behavior

Behavioral science extends from the study of individual behavior, on the one hand, to the study of large groups and organizations on the other. Three of the broadly based areas of interest for behavioral scientists today are individual behavior, group behavior, and organizational development.

Individual behavior. Some scientists focus on the individual as a sociopsychological being. What motivates the worker? How does motivation work? Why are some people more motivated by a particular reward than others?

Group behavior. Others study individuals as parts of a social system. They are interested in studying such subjects as attitudes, habits, and the effects of pressure and conflict, within the cultural environment. They are also concerned with the effect that personnel have on organizations and the counter effect of organizations on the personnel. To what degree do people make the organization and vice versa?

Organizational development. The objective is to help managers and employees both understand and cope with change. These scientists are useful in helping employees understand interpersonal and intraorganizational behavioral problems and in developing change strategies for dealing with them.

So modern management is an integration of all three approaches: management science, administrative science, and behavioral science. Each plays an important role in helping explain how to manage people.