7. Paraphrase the sentences.

1. As an art, management requires the use of behavioral and judgmental skills that cannot be quantified or categorized the way scientific information in the fields of chemistry, biology and physics can.

2. A major difference is that the actor can go home after a poor performance with the resolve of doing better the next day.

3. Today there are quantitative techniques that can be used for dealing with a variety of management-related problems, ranging from the control of inventory to the reduction of customer waiting time.

4. Other professions such as medicine and law ensure competent application by certifying people for practice.

5. They demonstrate this intent in various ways, for example, by contributing time and money to charitable organizations, by developing voluntary ecological programs to protect the environment, and by setting up consumer clinics to help customers understand how to use the company's prod­ucts and services better.

6. Managers’ ethical codes depend on their personal standards, and, according to research, most executives believe that their ethical standards are higher than ever before.

8. Insert prepositions.

1. Management is similar … acting … some respect.

2. A manager influences … those … whom he comes … contact … the enterprise.

3. People arrive … a solution … systematically studying facts … relation … problem … hand.

4. Management-related problems range … the control … inventory… the reduction … customer waiting time.

5. … addition … being an art and a science, management is a profession.

6. Now business is aware … its social role.

7. Managers’ ethical codes depend … their personal standards.

8. According … research the public knows … businesses contributions … social programs.

9. Translate the sentences paying attention to the participles. State their form and the function.

1. When dealing with people, managers approach management as an art; when dealing with material things they approach it as a science.

2. The approach used most often varies at different levels of the organizational hierarchy.

3. While remaining an art, management now has reliable helpers in electronic com­puters.

4. Almost every problem faced organization or nations can be solved through effective and efficient management.

10. Find in the text the words which describe or mean the following.

• fine skill in the making or doing of anythingж

• the study of knowledge which depends on testing facts and stating general natural laws.

• a form of employment, esp. one that is respected in society and is possible only after training.

• a particular money-earning activity or place.

• something which gives knowledge in the form of facts.

• a person who represents a part or perform by action especially on the stage.

11. Answer the questions on the text.

1. Why is management an art?

2. What art is management similar to?

3. What is the difference between a manager and an actor?

4. When is management a science?

5. Why have scientific aspects of management been greatly advanced?

6. What approaches are used more often at different levels of organizational hierarchy?

7. What are the criteria of management as a profession?

8. How does management meet the first criterion?

9. In what way does management accept social responsibility?

10. What do codes of conduct and ethical codes of managers exercise?