Lesson thirteen

I. New grammar structures

1. The Present Perfect Tense (Настоящее совершенное время)

I, you We, they	have	ʹlooked through	the ↘papers.
He She	has
I, you We, they	have ʹnot ʹhaven’t	ʹlooked through	the ↘papers yet.
He She	has ʹnot ʹhasn’t
Have	I, you we, they	ʹlooked through	the ↗papers yet?	ʹYes, I ↘have. ʹNo, I ↘haven’t.
Has	he she			ʹYes, he ↘has. ʹNo, he ↘hasn’t.

Present Perfect Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в форме Simple Present (have, has) и Past Participle (причастия прошедшего времени) смыслового глагола.

Форма Past Participle стандартных глаголов совпадает с формой Simple Past, т. е. к инфинитиву смыслового глагола (без to) прибавляется окончание -(e)d: to live — lived, to stay — stayed, to study — studied, to wash — washed, to translate — translated.

Форма Past Participle большинства нестандартных глаголов образуется путем изменения корневой гласной. Эти формы следует заучивать наизусть (см. урок 11). В словарях обычно даются три формы нестандартных глаголов: инфинитив, прошедшее время (Simple Past), причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle).

Для разговорной речи характерно употребление сокращенных форм вспомогательного глагола to have в утвердительных и отрицательных предложениях: I’ve, we’ve, they’ve, he’s, she’s, it’s, haven’t, hasn’t.

He’s read that book. Он (уже) прочитал эту книгу.

She’s gone for a walk. Она пошла погулять.

Present Perfect Tense употребляется для выражения действия или явления, имевшего место до момента речи и каким-то образом связанного с моментом речи, имеющего для него актуальное значение. Точное время действия не указывается.

We’ve done our homework and can go for a walk now.

Мы выполнили домашнее задание и сейчас можем пойти погулять.

Has your brother left for Riga?

Выехал ли ваш брат в Ригу?

Present Perfect может употребляться:

а) без указания времени совершения действия.

Have you dictated the letter? Вы продиктовали письмо?

б) с наречиями неопределенного времени ever [ʹevə] (когда-либо), never [ʹnevə] (никогда), often [ʹɔ:fn] (часто), already [ɔ:lʹredɪ] (уже), yet (еще — в отрицательных предложениях, уже— в вопросительных предложениях), just [dʒʌst] (только что), lately [ʹleɪtlɪ] (за последнее время, недавно).

He’s just come back from London.

Он только что вернулся из Лондона.

I’ve already seen his new picture.

Я уже видел его новую картину.

Have you ever had lunch in this cafe?

Вы когда-нибудь завтракали в этом кафе?

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ. Наречия неопределенного времени ставятся между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголами. Исключение составляют yet и lately.

I haven’t seen him lately.

Я не встречал его последнее время.

Не hasn’t listened to the latest news yet.

Он еще не слушал последние известия.

Has he got up yet?

Он уже встал?

в) с обстоятельственными словами, обозначающими еще не истекшие периоды времени: today, this week, this month, this year и т. д.

He hasn’t made any phone calls today.

Он никому не звонил сегодня.

Present Perfect не употребляется в вопросительных предложениях, начинающихся с наречия when, поскольку в данном случае должно быть указано точное время совершения действия.

When did the geography class start?

It began an hour ago.

When did you see him?

I saw him yesterday.

Present Perfect чаще всего переводится на русский язык глаголом совершенного вида в прошедшем времени.

Has he come back yet?

Он уже вернулся?

Exercise 1. Give the Past Participle of the following standard verbs. Transcribe and read them.

to answer, to stay, to play, to study, to try, to like, to work, to walk, to introduce, to help, to hope, to type, to wash, to pass, to brush, to watch, to live, to arrive, to receive, to shave, to open, to return, to call, to invite, to dictate, to translate, to visit

Exercise 2. Make up sentences using the table ana translate them.

	I You We They	have	often just already never	helped them. translated texts into English. returned from Rostov. told him about that. read this book. written a letter to them
	He She	has
	I You We They	haven’t	invited them listened to the latest news answered his letter met Mr Brown seen them done her homework		yet. today. this week. this month. lately.
	He She	hasn’t
Have	I you we they	already ever	passed your exam in English typed the letters looked through the papers met Mr Smith arrived		yet? today? this month?
Has	he she

Exercise 3. Make the necessary substitutions and reproduce the dialogues.

1. A: I haven’t read this book yet. Have you?

B: No. I haven’t read it either.

(A: done my homework, had lunch, shaved; В: done it, had it, shaved)

2. A₁; What’s Peter doing?

B: He’s reading a book.

A₂: Has he done his homework yet?

B: Yes, he has.

(A₂: written the letter, listened to the latest news, looked through the papers)

3. A: I met Peter yesterday.

B: How’s he? I haven’t seen him lately.

A: He’s fine.

(A: Nick, John; В: this month, this week)

4. A: Peter has just come back from Minsk.

В: Oh, has he? How did he like it? I was there last year and I liked it very much.

(A: London, Kiev, Samarkand)

Exercise 4. Respond to these requests according to the model.

Please help Peter do his homework. (already)

I’ve already helped him.

1. Please close the window. (already) 2. Please show Mike your coat. (just) 3. Please translate this text into Russian. (just) 4. Please take a shower. (already) 5. Please wake up John. (just) 6. Please look through these telegrams. (already)

Exercise 5. Respond to these questions according to the model.

Ann’s going to buy a new coat. And Mary? (today)

Mary’s bought a new coat today.

1. John’s going to play the piano. And Mike? (just) 2. He’s going to read this book. And Bill? (this week) 3. Jane went for a walk an hour ago. And Peter? (just) 4. He’s going to take a shower. And John? (already) 5. They were very busy last week. And Mr Green? (this week) 6. They came home two hours ago. And Peter? (just)

Exercise 6. Respond to these statements according to the model.

Mr Smith has already stayed there for a week. (Mr Brown)

Has Mr Brown stayed there for a week, too?

1. Peter has just gone for a walk. (Tom) 2. John has returned from Moscow this week. (Bill) 3. Jane has typed a lot of letters today. (Mary) 4. My brother has bought the new French textbook today. (your friend) 5. I’ve already spoken to him. (he) 6. My mother has just gone to bed. (your mother) 7. She’s seen them today. (you) 8. My friend has read this book this month. (your friend)

Exercise 7. Open the brackets and use the proper tenses (Simple Present, Simple Past, Present Continuous and Present Perfect Tense).

1. I (to be) a student. I (to have) an English class now. We (to do) just exercise five and now we (to answer) the teacher’s questions. 2. "You (to buy) already fruit and vegetables?" "Yes, I have." "When you (to go) shopping?" "I (to go) shopping after lunch yesterday." 3. "He (to come) just to the office. It’s five minutes to nine." "And when he (to come) to the office yesterday?" "He (to come) at ten to nine yesterday." 4. Peter (to leave) for school fifteen minutes ago but Ann (not to leave) for college yet. 5. Peter (not to go) to see his mother yesterday. His elder brother Nick (to go) just to see her. She (to be) ill lately. 6. "When you (to go) to the theatre?" "I (to go) to the theatre last Saturday." 7. "She ever (to drive) a car?" "Yes, she has. She can drive a car very well." 8. "He (to ask) me to write a letter to Peter last week." "You (to write) a letter yet?" "Yes, I have."

Exercise 8. Translate into English.

1. Закройте, пожалуйста, окно. — Я уже закрыл. 2. Купили ли вы фрукты и овощи? — Да. Я ходила за покупками вчера после обеда. 3. Сколько занятий посетил директор школы вчера? 4. Могли бы вы перевести этот текст сейчас? — Я уже перевел его. 5. Вы когда-нибудь играли в шахматы с Петром? Хорошо ли он играет? — Я не знаю. Я никогда с ним не играл. 6. Вы еще не обедали? Давайте пообедаем в кафе. Оно за углом. 7. Что вы читаете? — "Мать". Эго очень интересная книга. Вы читали ее? — Нет еще. 8. Я не видел Николая последнее время. — Я тоже. 9. Вы сегодня были в библиотеке? — Нет. Я был там позавчера.