Unit 15. Our sceleton. Bones.

Ex.1. Read and memorize the words:

parietal - тім'яний	lumber - поперековий
frontal - лобний	pelvis - таз
temporal - скроневий	sacrum - криж
occipital - потиличний	соссyх - куприк
skull - череп	humerus - плечова кістка
cervical - шийний	ulna - ліктева кістка
vertebra - хребець	radius - променева кістка
clavicle - ключиця	phalanges - фаланги
scapula - лопатка	femur - стегно
rib - ребро	fibula - мала гомілкова кістка
thorax - грудна клітка	scapula- лопатка
tibia - велика гомілкова кістка	clavicle- ключиця
dorsal - спинний	spine – хребет
layer –шар	backbone – хребет
shape – форма	framework –рама, каркас
bone marrow – кістковий мозок

Ex.2. Read the text and be ready to do the exercises:

Bone is a dynamic tissue, very responsive to local and systemic needs of the body. It undergoes changes in shape to make way for growing organs. The bones that make up the skeletal system may be considered as organs, since they contain number of tissues working together in cooperative manner.

The functions of bones include the following: 1) bones serve as a structural framework of the body; 2) bones offer protection for various organs; 3) bones act as levers which are moved by muscles; 4) bones serve as storage depots for calcium and other bone minerals; 5) red bone marrow is the site wherein red blood cells and granulocytes are formed.

The bones in the body are called the skeleton. Our skeleton supports the soft parts and protects the organs from injury. Without a skeleton we would just collapse. There are 206 bones of different sizes and shapes in the human skeleton. The smallest bone is in the ear. There are 26 bones in the backbone or spine. There are 26 bones in each foot and 27 bones in each hand. The longest bone is called the femur or the thigh bone. The head bones are called the scull. The scull consists of many cranial bones. The upper part of the trunk is formed by the ribs and breastbone in front and the vertebrae in the spine. The lower part is the pelvis.

The bones of the trunk are connected with the upper extremities by the clavicles and scapulas.

The upper extremity consist of the humerus, the radius, the ulna and the hand bones. The lower extremity consists of the femur, the tibia, the fibula and the foot bones. Bones have a hard layer outside and a strong layer inside.

We do all kinds of work with our upper extremities. And we can walk, run and jump with our lower extremities.

Ex.3. Say if it is true or false:

1. The bones in the body are called the skeleton.

2. We have over 200 bones in our bodies.

3. The skeleton holds the body up.

4. There are 26 bones in the backbone.

5. Bones are very strong.

6. The longest bone is called the fibula.

7. The backbone is called the spine.

8. The smallest bone is inside the brain.

9. There are 26 bones in the foot.

10. The hand has two bones in it.

Ex.4. What words are defined below?

1. The framework of bones.

2. The human body apart from the head and extremities.

3. The upper part of the trunk.

4. The lower part of the trunk.

5. The part of the head which contains the brain.

6. The upper extremities.

7. The lower extremities.

Ex.5. Answer the following questions:

1. How many teeth (eyes, ears, tongues, fingers, knees, thumbs, arms, shoulders, wrists, feet, cheeks, lips, chins, gums, lungs, kidneys, extremities) does a person have?

2. What do we do with our eyes (ears, nose, tongue and palate, fingers)?

3. What is the organ of thinking (sight, hearing, smell, speech, taste)?

4. Is the thigh (calf, ankle, foot, knee, wrist, elbow, hand, shoulder, forearm) a part of the upper or lower extremity?

Ex.6. Read the words and translate the text:

inflammation – запалення; to soften – пом’якшувати; to invade – вторгатися; rupture – розрив; injured – травмований; to involve – включати; correct – правильний

Ex.7. Match the following words combinations with the Ukrainian ones:

1. bone marrow - покращити стан

2. becomes softened - травма шкіри

3. injured tissue - стає м’якою

4. correct the condition - кістковий мозок;

5. trauma to the skin - ушкоджена тканина