The brain

Scientists consider that our brain is the most complicated mechanism which has ever been created by nature.

The weight of the human brain is from one to two kg. (kilograms). It has a volume of about 3.2litres and consists of about 12 milliard cells. It has been determined by the scientists that each cell is connected to the other directly or indirectly by nerve fibers.

The brain is the centre of a wide system of communication. It has been found out that a constant flow of stimuli comes into the brain through the spinal cord. The stimuli come to the brain from our eyes, ears, and other sense organs for pain, temperature, smell and other feelings. When all the received stimuli have been summarized and analyzed the brain sends orders through the nerve fibers in the spinal cord to different parts of the human body. It is due to these orders that one eats, moves, hears, sees and does many other things.

It is due to experiments that the investigators have been able to determine those areas of the brain which control vision, hearing, physical movements and even emotions.

Due to experimental studies it has been determined that the motor cortex controlling many body movements of the human being becomes tired rapidly. But the hypothalamus which controls such functions as blood pressure is almost never tired.

1. The weight of the human brain is ... .

a) from one to two kg.;

b) from half a kilo to two;

c) from one kilo to one kilo and a half.

2. Each cell is connected to the other directly or indirectly

by ... .

1. neurilemma;

2. nerve tissue;

3. by nerve fibers;

3. A constant flow of stimuli comes into the brain through ....

1. the spinal cord;

2. cell nucleus;

3. cerebral cortex;

4. The brain sends orders through ... in the spinal cord to

different parts of the body.

1. myelin sheath;

2. nerve tissue;

3. nerve fibers;

5. The hypothalamus controls such function as ... .

1. vision;

2. blood pressure;

3. hearing;

6. Due to experimental studies it has been determined that the motor cortex controlling many body movements of the human being becomes tired ... .

1. rapidly;

2. immediately;

3. slowly;

7. The brain is the centre of a wide system of ....

1. investigation;

2. communication;

3. intensification;

8. Our brain receives stimuli from ... .

1. meninges;

2. external receptors;

3. cerebrospinal fluid;

9. We can eat, move, hear, see and do many things due to ... .

a) orders sent by the brain;

b) stimuli sent to the brain;

c) folds, ridges and convolutions;

10. The brain has a volume of about ..

a.3.5 litres

b. 3.2 litres

c. 3.7 litres

Grammar. Present and past participle. Дієприкметник теперішнього і минулого часу

Present Participle:

reading, writing, working.

Past Participle:

a) written, taken, gone; b) worked, asked, used.

Перекладається дієприкметник залежно від свого місця і функції в реченні:

Функція	Перекладається	Приклади
Означення	Підрядним реченням, дієприкметником	a) The man reading a newspaper is our teacher. (Чоловік, що читає газету, наш учитель.) b) The used method is important. [Використаний метод є важливим.)
Обставина	Дієприслівником, підрядним реченням	a) Reading the text we wrote out new words. (Читаючи текст, ми виписували нові слова.) b) (When) used in this work, the method is-becoming popular now. (Після того, як його було застосовано у цій роботі, метод стає популярним.)
Складова частина присудка	Дієсловом	a) They are translating the text now. (Зараз вони перекладають текст) b) The texts are translated by them. (Тексти перекладаються ними.) c) We have seen this film. (Ми бачили цей фільм.)

Ex.11. Translate Participles into Ukrainian:

а) 1. We saw a moving body in the sky. 2. The doctor examining the patients works many years in this hospital. 3. Palpating the patient, the doctor noticed some changes in his liver. 4. The professor applying this new method is well-known іn our country. 5. They are fulfilling their task now. 6. He usually does not use a dictionary, reading English texts. 7. Reading the materials necessary for the seminar, we usually take notes in our note-books. 8. Oranges containing vitamin C are useful for the patients. 9. When crossing the street, first look to the left, then to the right.

b) 1. The case reported is very interesting. 2. The medical article written by this professor is very valuable for the doctors. 3. Invented not long ago, this device is widely used in medicine. 4. It is a hospital built many years ago. 5. He is a well-known scientist. 6. We have never been there. 7. All books taken from the library were given to our students. 8. (When) asked about his decision, he said he would work there. 9. The method described in this medical journal is very effective. 10. They have sent their proposals to the medical committee.