Independent work #10. Blood. Preventing cardiovascular diseases.
Task 1. Read the words and translate the text:
Platelet –тромбоцит; mature – зрілий; clotting – згортання dissolved – розчинений; nitrogen – азот; to include –включати; to occur – траплятись; serum – сироватка; complete – повний
Task 2. Match the word combinations:
liquid state - |
клітинні елементи |
cellular elements - |
процес коагуляції |
main function - |
хімічна природа |
blood clotting - |
стан рідини |
dissolved gases - |
головна функція |
chemical nature - |
згортання крові |
coagulation process - |
розчинені гази |
BLOOD
In its liquid state blood contains fluid called plasma and microscopically visible cellular elements erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets. Erythrocytes are red blood cells. The mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated red cells. After an active life of 120 days they are destroyed. Their main function is transportation of gases. Leucocytes are white blood cells. Leucocytes are of different types, they have nuclei. Some of them fight the bacteria. Thrombocytes are blood platelets. They are much smaller fragments of protoplasm containing nuclear material. They are important in blood clotting.
The plasma which is mostly water also has a very complex chemical nature. It contains dissolved gases — oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. The proteins include albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen. The lipids include lecithin, fats and cholesterol. Carbohydrates are present as glucose, and blood also contains nitrogenous substances and inorganic salts.
The plasma is the fluid portion of the blood before clotting has occurred. The serum is the portion of the blood remaining after the coagulation process is complete.
Task 3. Answer the questions: 1. What is the composition of blood? 2. What does plasma contain? 3. What is the difference between the plasma and the serum? 4. What blood cells are nucleated? 5. What are the functions of erythrocytes (leucocytes and thrombocytes)? 6. What is the life span of erythrocytes? 7. What contains dissolved gases? 8. Give the other name of platelets. 8. Leucocytes fight the bacteria, do not they?
Preventing cardiovascular diseases
Task 4. Read the words, skim the text and be ready to answer the questions:
sedentary - сидячий; eliminating – усування; to heal - зцілювати; devastating – руйнівний; appropriate - відповідний; maintaining – дотримання; prevent - попереджувати; assist - допомагати; promote – сприяти
Primary risk factors for chronic heart diseases:
At the top of the CDC list of primary risk factors for all chronic diseases are: smoking, poor nutrition, and sedentary lifestyle. Living a healthier lifestyle can help to prevent heart disease. This includes the following:
Eliminating all tobacco products
Adhering to a heart-healthy diet
Following an appropriate exercise program
Eliminate all tobacco products: |
You should be aware that all tobacco products are included as risk factors for chronic illness, not just cigarettes. There is no therapeutic use for nicotine. As soon as you stop smoking, your body begins to heal itself from the devastating effects of tobacco. |
Adhere to a heart-healthy diet: |
One aspect of managing your heart attack risk factors includes eating a heart-healthy diet, including appropriate levels of the following:
Maintaining a heart-healthy, balanced diet will help to:
|
Follow an appropriate exercise program: |
One vital step toward reducing your chances of having a heart attack is making the time to exercise. Today, with our fast-paced society, people must schedule time to exercise. Choose an activity that you enjoy doing, then talk with your health care provider about an exercise plan that meets your individual capabilities and needs.
An exercise program will help in the management of almost all stroke and heart attack risk factors. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 recommend that an individual engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, above usual activity, at work or home on most days of the week. Regular physical activity will help to promote health, psychological well-being, and a healthy body weight. |
Task 5. Answer the questions:
1. What are the primary risk factors for chronic heart disease?
2. What can help to prevent heart disease?
3. What begins to heal itself from the devastating effects of tobacco as soon as you stop smoking?
4. Why must people schedule time to exercise?
5. Will an exercise program help in the management of almost all stroke and heart attack risk factors?
6. What do the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 recommend?
7. What will regular physical activity help to promote ?
Task 6. 1. Name the primary risk factors for chronic heart diseases.
2. Name the ways of preventing cardiovascular diseases.