Osteomyelitis.

Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of the bone and the bone marrow. This inflammation involves the soft part of the bone, especially the bone marrow in the medullar cavity of the bone. The hard, calcified part of the bone becomes softened as well, as a result of the inflammation.

The etiology of osteomyelitis is bacterial. Staphylococci invade the blood stream after gaining access to the body through the skin. Sometimes

trauma to the skin and the bone leads to rupture of blood vessels so that the staphylococci begin to grow in blood clots and injured tissue.

The clinical course involves bone abscess (inflammation and pus collection) and death of bone tissue with thrombosis of blood vessels in the bone marrow.

The entire body may become involved in the disease if the thrombi carrying staphylococci spread to the organs and pyaemia develops. Antibiotic therapy can correct the condition once a correct diagnosis is made.

Ex.8. Read the text and answer the questions:

1. What is osteomyelitis? 2. What part of the bones becomes softened? 3. What is the etiology of osteomyelitis? 4. What does the clinical course involve? 5 What is pyaemia? 6. Where do the staphylococci begin to grow? 7. How may the entire body become involved? 8. What therapy can correct the condition?

Grammar.

Ex.9. Translate the sentences:

1. The laboratory equipped with modern devices belongs to the medi­cal faculty. 2. This hospital was equipped with new devices last year. 3. Professor B. taught us Biology last term. 4. At the Institute the students are taught many different subjects. 5. Next year this maga­zine will publish some medical articles. 6. New methods in medicine will be published in this magazine. 7. Professor N. demonstrated the new device at the last lecture. 8. New medical instruments were demonstrated to us by our professor. 9. This student wrote a very interesting article. 10. This textbook was written by some well-known scientists. 11. These books are given to you for two days only. 12. Our teacher gives us some newspapers and magazines at the lesson.

Unit 16. Diseases of Back. Rickets.

Ex.1. Read and memorize the words:

injury - травма	joint – суглоб
replacement - заміна	to be available - доступний
advanced - передовий	to aid – допомагати
to reduce - зменшувати	accelerated - прискорений
adult – дорослий	rehabilitation - реабілітація
pelvis - таз	morbid - хворобливий
minority - меншість	to treat - лікувати

Ex.2. Skim the text and be ready to answer the questions:

The Departments of Orthopedic surgery treat a wide variety of surgical orthopedic problems: orthopedic traumatic injuries; back surgery; joint replacement surgeries; surgery of the hand; sports medicine; treatment of foot and ankle diseases.

Many of the surgeries are performed using modern microscopic techniques, placing an emphasis on reduced hospitalization and accelerated rehabilitation of the patient.

Back surgery units deal with a wide range of problems in infants, children, adolescents and adults. Degenerative problems related to morbidity of the inter-vertebral discs, deterioration of the joints between spinal vertebra, and narrowing of the spinal canal are the most common. Spinal distortion (scoliosis, kyphosis) which generally appears during childhood and is related to other diseases is prevalent.

Treatment Methods. Back problems are generally treated by a combination of physical therapy, physiological and drug treatments. A minority of patients require surgical interventions.

Ex.3. Answer the questions:

What back problems can you name? 2. Where are they treated? 3. Do all patients require surgical interventions? 4. When does spinal distortion (scoliosis, kyphosis) generally appear? 5. Is physical therapy important for patients with back problems?

Ex.4.Read the words and translate the text:

rickets – рахіт; side – сторона, бік; protruding belly – рахітичний живіт; lack of – недолік, відсутність; to toss – крутити; bald – лисий; crooked – скривлений; sweat – піт