Independent work #18. Kidney diseases.

Task 1. Read the article and answer the questions:

Features of cylindruria in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis

Qualitative and quantitative indices of cylindruria were studied in 325 patients aged from 15 to 64 with various morphological forms of chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). In 237 of them function of kidneys was unchanged while remaining 88 patients revealed various degrees of chronic renal failure (CRF). Parameters of cylindruria in patients with CGN varied widely, significant correlation have been established between presence of erythrocytic cylinders in urinary residue and degree of haematuria. Large granular cylinders were observed in patients with normal renal functions and initial stage of renal insufficiency.

Task 2. Questions to be answered:

1. What aspect of urine analysis is considered in the article? 2. What diagnosis had the patients aged from 15 to 64? 3. What did the function of kidneys in 88 patients reveal? 4. What did qualitative and quantitative indices help to establish? 5. What distinctive feature was noticed between the urinary analysis in patients with severe and moderate chronic renal failure and normal renal function and initial stage of renal insufficiency?

Task 3. Match the following word combinations with the Ukrainian ones:

to use high-energy shock waves - покінчити з чимось;

to remove kidney stones - зменшити період видужування;

to reduce the recovery period - впорснути хімічний барвник;

excruciating pain - використати ударні хвилі струму;

to do away with smth. - видалити ниркові конкременти;

to inject a chemical dye - нестерпний біль.

Task 4. Skim through the text and choose the key sentences:

Kidney Stones

German doctors developed two new techniques to remove kidney stones much less painfully and without the customary major surgery.

The techniques also promise to reduce by several weiks the recovery period for tens of thousands of patients. In one of the new methods the kidney stone is extracted directly through the skin, but the patient still must undergo general anesthesia. The other method, generally painless, involves no surgery at all. It relies on the delivery of high-energy electric shock waves monitored by X-rays.

The overwhelming majority of kidney stones pass out of the body on their own, often accompanied by excruciating pain. Surgery is necessary in about 20 per cent of kidney stone cases. In the operation that has been used for decades, the surgeon cuts through layers of tissue to reach the kidney in the lower back, then is able to reach into the organ to remove the stone by hand and with forceps. Patients usually stay in the hospital for one or two weeks and are limited in the amount of physical activity and work they can undertake for another four or five weeks.

In most cases the new techniques should do away with this major operation. But people who develop one kidney stone often develop another, and neither technique prevents the formation of new stones.

Task 5. Answer the questions:

1. Who developed two new techniques? 2. How is the kidney stone extracted in one of the new methods? 3. What must the patient undergo? 4. What does the other method rely on? 5. What does the surgeon remove the stone with? 6. How long do the patients stay in the hospital after the operation? 7. What should the new techniques do away with? 8. What can't any new techniques prevent?