The Participles I, II (причастия I, II)

Причастие в английском языке представляет собой неличную форму глагола, которая соответствует в русском языке причастию настоящего времени и причастию страдательного залога.

Причастие I (причастие настоящего времени с суффиксами –ущ, -ющ, -ащ, -ящ), образованное при помощи окончания - ing, имеет активную и пассивную (страдательную) формы:

Форма причастия	Несовершенный вид	Совершенный вид
Active (активная)	asking	having asked
Passive (пассивная)	being asked	having been asked

Причастие I употребляется в функции:

1. Определения:

   The reading cadet is a friend of mine (левое определение). The cadet reading a text is a friend of mine (правое определение). The cadet being asked is a friend of mine.

   Читающий курсант – мой друг. Курсант, читающий текст, – мой друг. Курсант, которого спрашивают, – мой друг.

2. Обстоятельства:

Reading a text the cadet made notes. While (when) reading a text the cadet used a dictionary. Having finished his work he went home.

Читая текст, курсант делал записи. Читая текст, курсант пользовался словарем. Закончив работу, он пошел домой.

3. Части сказуемого (выраженного Continuous или Perfect Continuous):

The cadets are reading a text now. They have been reading a text for 10 minutes already when the teacher entered the classroom.

Курсанты читают сейчас текст. Они читали текст уже 10 минут, когда преподаватель вошел в аудиторию.

Причастие II (причастие страдательного залога как настоящего, так и прошедшего времени с суффиксами -ем, -им, -ом, -енн, -т), образуется путем прибавления окончания -ed к основе правильного глагола или путем чередования звуков в корне неправильного гла-гола:

to work – worked to give – given

to try – tried to leave – left

Причастие II употребляется в функции:

1. Определения:

The translated text was given to the teacher (левое определение). The book translated from English is very interesting (правое определение).

Учителю отдали переведенный текст. Книга, переведенная с английского языка, очень интересная.

2. Обстоятельства:

Given the task, the cadet began to work. When signed, this paper becomes a document.

Когда курсанту дали задание, он начал работать. Эта бумага станет документом, когда ее подпишут.

3. Части сказуемого (выраженного Perfect Active или Passive Voice):

The cadets have already translated a difficult text. The texts are translated by the cadets without dictionaries.

Курсанты уже перевели сложный текст. Курсанты переводят тексты без словарей.

Ex. 20. Point out the participles and define their functions. Translate the sentences.

1. The number of students taking part in scientific conferences is growing every year. 2. Attending this lawyer’s lectures we learned a lot of interesting facts about the work of the people’s courts. 3. When asked I was glad to write an article about our practice in the judicial office as I had many interesting facts. 4. While reading this text we learned a lot of new expressions. 5. Last time the lecturer had no time to answer all the questions asked by the cadets. 6. The students coming to Moscow to study usually live in hostels. 7. When invited to deliver a course of lectures at our Institute, this outstanding lawyer agreed. 8. Translated into Russian by our teacher the book helped us. 9. John was preparing report in Constitutional Law all day yesterday.

Ex. 21. Choose the correct participle in brackets. Translate the sentences.

1. The (correcting, corrected) texts were on the table. 2. The cadet (sitting, sat) at the window made an interesting report yesterday. 3. Not (knowing, known) the grammar rules, he made many mistakes. 4. I have read several books (translating, translated) into Russian by this famous author. 5. What is the name of this judge (speaking, spoken) on the phone now? 6. We answered all letters (receiving, received) yesterday. 7. The books (writing, written) by Dickens give us a realistic picture of the 19^th century England. 8. Some of the questions (putting, put) to the lecturer yesterday were very important. 9. I have been extremely busy (preparing, prepared) for the entrance exams to the academy.

Ex. 22. Open the brackets using the participle I or participle II. Translate the sentences.

1. The students (to attend) these lectures are from various departments. 2. The lecture (to attend) by these students is on Administrative Law. 3. The problem (to study) by these advanced cadets is very important. 4. The cadets (to study) at our academy get the rank of the lieutenant in five years. 5. The man (to deliver) a lecture on State Law is a famous lawyer. 6. The lecture (to deliver) by this lawyer was useful for us. 7. The report (to write) by the cadet of our group is the most interesting. 8. The cadets (to write) a test use a dictionary. 9. The text (to translate) is about the biography of famous lawyer A.F. Koni. 10. The student (to translate) the sentence at the blackboard made a mistake.

Ex. 23. Choose the right translation of the participles.

1. Having graduated (оканчивая, окончив) from the academy my father served in Grodno. 2. The cadet asked (спросив, спрошенный) could not give a correct answer. 3. My friend had finished (заканчивая, закончил) the course paper by the end of the week. 4. The students trained (подготовленные, подготовившись) at the law departments and institutes studied all branches of law. 5. While working (работающий, работая) at one of Moscow enterprises my friend was a part-time student of the Law Department of Moscow University at the same time. 6. There is a well-equipped (оборудовав, оборудованная) language laboratory in our Institute. 7. The problem being discussed (осудив, обсуждаемая) at the conference must be solved. 8. Having looked through (просмотрев, просматривающий) all the papers and letters received (получив, полученные) on that day he left his office. 9. Reading (прочитав, читая) this article the cadet will know much of the American court system.