Grammar The Passive Voice (страдательный залог)

I. Если подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, совершающий действие, то глагол-сказуемое употребляется в форме действительного (активного) залога.

This judge tries serious cases.

Lomonosov founded the first University in 1755.

Если подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, подвергающийся действию со стороны другого лица или предмета, то глагол-сказуемое употребляется в форме страдательного (пассивного) залога.

Serious cases are tried by this judge.

The first University was founded by Lomonosov.

Часто Passive Voice (Страдательный залог) употребляется, когда тот, кто выполняет действие, нам не известен или не важен.

He was asked at the English lesson.

Его спрашивали на уроке английского языка.

English is spoken in many countries.

На английском языке говорят во многих странах.

II. Времена страдательного залога образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола.

to be + Past Participle

При спряжении глагола в страдательном залоге изменяется только глагол to be, смысловой же глагол имеет во всех временах одну и ту же форму – Past Participle (Participle II). Время, в котором стоит глагол в страдательном (пассивном) залоге, определяется формой, в которой стоит вспомогательный глагол to be:

	Indefenite	Continuous	Perfect
Present	is + discussed are	is + being discussed are	has + been discussed have
Past	was + discussed were	was + being discussed were	had been discussed
Future	will be + discussed shall be	–	will / shall + have been discussed

III. При образовании вопросительной формы Passive Voice (страдательного залога) вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

Is the problem discussed?	Проблема обсуждается?
Will the problem be discussed?	Проблема будет обсуждаться?
Has the problem been discussed?	Проблема обсуждена?
When was the problem discussed?	Когда была обсуждена проб- лема?

IV. При образовании отрицательной формы Passive Voice (страдательного залога) частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола:

The problem is not discussed.

The problem will not be discussed.

The problem has not been discussed.

V. С модальными глаголами must, can (could), may (might), have to, be to пассивная форма образуется с помощью be и Past Participle (Participle II) основного глагола.

This work must be finished today.

That room cannot be used as a classroom.

This text has to be translated at once.

VI. Перевод глаголов в страдательном залоге осуществляется:

1) глаголом быть + краткая форма причастия страдательного залога:

The letter was sent yesterday. The letter will be sent tomorrow.

Письмо было послано вчера. Письмо будет послано завтра.

2) глаголом с частицей -ся (-сь):

This problem was discussed last week.

Эта проблема обсуждалась на прошлой неделе.

3) неопределенно-личным оборотом, т. е. глаголом в действительном залоге 3 лица множественного числа, типа "говорят", "сказали":

English is spoken in many countries.

На английском языке говорят во многих странах.

4) глаголом в действительном залоге (при наличии исполнителя действия):

The news is brought by my sister.

Новость принесла моя сестра.

Ex. 11. Compare the usage of the Active and Passive Voices. Translate the sentences.

Active	Passive
a) They usually close the library at 8 p.m. They closed the library at 8 p.m. yesterday. They will close the library at 8 p.m. tomorrow.	The library is usually closed at 8 p.m. The library was closed at 8 p.m. yesterday. The library will be closed at 8 p.m. tomorrow.
б) The students are translating the text now. The students were translating the text the whole lesson yesterday. The students will be translating the text the whole lesson tomorrow.	The text is being translated by the students now. The text was being translated by the students the whole lesson yesterday. ______
в) We have just written the test. We had written the test before the bell rang. We shall have written the test before the bell rings.	The test has just been written (by us). The test had been written before the bell rang. The test will have been written before the bell rings.

Ex. 12. Translate the following sentences choosing the appropriate form of the verb in Passive.

1. Статья была переведена вчера.	is translated was translated c) had been translated
2. Когда я пришел, студенты переводили статью.	was translated was being translated c) were being translated
3. Статья уже была переведена, когда пришел преподаватель.	had been translated has been translated c) had translated
4. Статью будут переводить завтра на уроке.	will be translated will have been translated is being translated

Ex. 13. Choose the right alternative.

1. The case (has investigated; has been investigated) successfully.

2. Everybody (is listening; is being listened) to the lecture of this lawyer with great attention now.

3. What specialists (train; are trained) at the Orel Academy?

4. This crime (is reporting; is being reported) about by all newspapers.

5. A very interesting competition (has organized; has been organized) by the chair of foreign languages.

6. Magistrates’ Courts (try; are tried) the majority of all criminal cases and some civil cases.

7. Books by Arthur Conan Doyle (read; are read) by many readers with great interest.

8. The court of Appeals (heared; was heared) a serious criminal appeal at the last trial.

9. At our Academy the cadets (teach; are taught) English, German or French.

10. This case (will try; will be tried) in the Higher Court next week.

Ex. 14. Choose the correct indication of time given below and use the following sentences in the Past and Future Tenses of the Passive Voice.

1. The delegation is headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. 2. A new system of work is started by our students. 3. The cadet on duty is sent for. 4. My friend is asked to come to the party. 5. The room must be cleaned by these cadets. 6. The criminal case is tried by this experience lawyer. 7. I am given an interesting book. 8. Your question can’t be answered. 9. The law must be accepted by the majority of the community.

always, usually, often, in 2001, yesterday, the day before yesterday, at 5 o’clock yesterday, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in a week, next Monday, at 5 o’clock tomorrow, now, at this moment, during the break, when I came in, when he comes in, just, today, this year, next year, last week, by five o’clock, by the time of our arrival, by the end of the month, after classes.

Ex. 15. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb

"to solve".

1. A lot of different problems ... at our Institute every year. 2. This problem ... last month. 3. These problems ... last year. 4. This problem ... next month. 5. These problems ... by our cadets much faster than by the students of that Institute. 6. A crossword puzzle ... by this cadet at the competition in English now in the next classroom. 7. The problem ... already ... at the today’s meeting. 8. This serious crime ... quickly and accurately by the end of March.

Ex. 16. Transform the following sentences using the Passive Voice.

1. He left his notebook at home. 2. The sergeant has just finished his report. 3. My friend has taken this newspaper. 4. The Pacific Ocean washes the territory of Russia in the east. 5. The Law Institute trains future investigators, detectives for Moscow and the Moscow region. 6. The cadets attend lectures and tutorials with interest. 7. You translated this text last time. 8. They discussed a lot of articles from these judicial journals at the last lesson. 9. He was delivering the documents to the department. 10. The police asked each of us about his movements on the night of the crime. 11. You can find many interesting books in our library.

Ex. 17. Use the required form of the verb.

1. Ancient Greeks (believe) that laws (make) by the people for the people. 2. In the 14^th century parliamentary legislation (become) more and more general in Britain. 3. Roman Law (be) one of the greatest systems that ever (exist) and (base) upon customs. 4. Most legal systems (classify) as common law systems and civil law systems. 5. Essentially, every country which (colonize) at sometime by Britain (use) the Common Law. 6. Since the 18^th century various scientific theories (advance) to explain crime. 7. Members of every community (make) laws for themselves in self-protection. 8. In all societies relations between people (regulate) by the government. 9. The law (define) as a set of rules which form the pattern of behaviour of a given society. 10. This serious case (hear) by the Crown Court next week.