Text 57

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The plan for implementation

Planning for the implementation of research results should begin when the research itself begins; it should not wait until the results are obtained. Specifically, the technical abilities of those who will use the results and the facilities at their disposal should be taken into account in determining the form and nature of the research results which should be sought. It would be foolish to expect a clerk to solve an equation requiring the calculus of variations; a monograph or a table may be necessary. But a monograph or a table may be able to provide only very approximate solutions to equations. An approximation which is used, however, will produce better results than an exact solution which is ignored. In order to assure that the research results are carried out as intended, it is necessary to develop a detailed plan for their implementation. This need is generally acknowledged where the action ultimately to be taken is to be performed by a computer. In such a situation the researcher recognizes his responsibility for developing a program for the computer. What is not so well recognized is that almost as detailed a program is required for human operators. It is necessary to specify exactly who is to do what, when they are to do it, and how. The who and when can normally be shown on a flow chart which indicates the way that the relevant operations are to be conducted. The what requires detailed instructions in terms of operations that can be performed by the kinds of people involved.

КОММЕНТАРИЙ К ТЕКСТУ

implementation [,ɪmplɪmen'teɪʃən] — осуществление, выполнение

facilities — зд. вспомогательные (периферийные) устройства. Основное значение этого слова: в ед. числе — легкость, плавность, гибкость (ума), во мн. числе — (технические) средства, приспособления (facilities for study). Глагол to facilitate — облегчать, содействовать, способствовать

at their disposal — в их распоряжении

the calculus of variations — вариационные исчисления

a flow chart — блок-диаграмма

Text 58

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Up to a point of probability

If our knowledge were complete, we could say, "This is" or "this is not a cause." But since we do not know all about anything, we can probably never be absolutely sure about causes in a complex situation. We should therefore think in terms of degrees of probability. We should ask ourselves up to what point our knowledge is supported by evidence.

Depending upon the quality and quantity of evidence we have, we should rate our diagnosis of cause in terms of varying degrees of probability.

Probability has little to do with truth. Truth refers to the way things are — whatever that is. Probability refers to the quality and quantity of the evidence that supports our know-ledge.

No knowledge is probable in itself. It is only probable because of the evidence that supports it. When the weight of evidence changes, the probability changes. If we get more evidence to support a knowledge, it becomes more probable. If we find evidence that contradicts it, it becomes less probable. Since our evidence is never complete, we must watch for new facts that will raise or lower the probability of our knowledge.

If it were possible to know all about something and if the world did not keep changing, then we could be sure that our past experience would be a perfect guide for the future. We could summon up the ghosts of the past and let them tell us how to act for all time. But as long as we live in a changing world about which our knowledge is incomplete, we must be mighty careful how we rely upon the "lessons" we have absorbed in the past.

КОММЕНТАРИЙ К ТЕКСТУ

depending on, because of (Блок 31) — составные предлоги: в зависимости от, из-за, соответственно. В Блоке 72 приведен список составных предлогов, наиболее часто употребляемых в научном тексте. Сделайте задание.

mighty careful — очень внимательны (осторожны)

Задание. Переведите предложения, используя Блок 72.

1. In view of the great importance of this subject, a separate chapter will be devoted to it. 2. Apart from these implications, some experiments with interactive systems are not worthy. 3. Aside from this suggestion, however, there is no other information available about these mechanisms. 4. You can never have a revolution in order to establish a democracy. You must have a democracy in order to have a revolution (G. Chesterton). 5. You will be punished or rewarded according to whether you have led a virtuous or a sinful life. 6. As to the thesis it holds for more general cases of isomerisation. 7. In spite of the complexity of the structure, the theoretical results may be considered highly satisfactory. 8. In view of this fact I decided to place much greater emphasis on general principles.

Блок 72

Наиболее употребительные составные предлоги: apart (aside) from — помимо, за исключением as for — что касается as to — относительно, что касается according to — согласно, в соответствии because of (Блок 31) — из-за, вследствие, благодаря by means of — при помощи, посредством by virtue of — благодаря, в силу, посредством depending on/upon — в зависимости от due to — из-за, благодаря, вследствие in accordance with — в соответствии с in addition to — кроме, в дополнение к in relation to — относительно, что касается in spite of (despite) — несмотря на in view of — ввиду owing to — из-за, благодаря thanks to — благодаря up to — вплоть до with regard to — относительно with respect to — что касается, относительно